Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism

1. Carsten K. W. De Dreu¹, 
2. Lindred L. Greer, 
3. Gerben A. Van Kleef, 
4. Shaul Shalvi, and 
5. Michel J. J. Handgraaf

Author Affiliations

1. Edited by Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved December 21, 2010 (received for review October 12, 2010)

Abstract

Human ethnocentrism—the tendency to view one's group as centrally important and superior to other groups—creates intergroup bias that fuels prejudice, xenophobia, and intergroup violence. Grounded in the idea that ethnocentrism also facilitates within-group trust, cooperation, and coordination, we conjecture that ethnocentrism may be modulated by brain oxytocin, a peptide shown to promote cooperation among in-group members. In double-blind, placebo-controlled designs, males self-administered oxytocin or placebo and privately performed computer-guided tasks to gauge different manifestations of ethnocentric in-group favoritism as well as out-group derogation. Experiments 1 and 2 used the Implicit Association Test to assess in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Experiment 3 used the infrahumanization task to assess the extent to which humans ascribe secondary, uniquely human emotions to their in-group and to an out-group. Experiments 4 and 5 confronted participants with the option to save the life of a larger collective by sacrificing one individual, nominated as in-group or as out-group. Results show that oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in-group favoritism and, to a lesser extent, out-group derogation. These findings call into question the view of oxytocin as an indiscriminate “love drug” or “cuddle chemical” and suggest that oxytocin has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence.

• hormones
 
• social discrimination
 
• evolution
 
• moral dilemmas
 
• endocrinology

Footnotes

• ¹To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: c.k.w.dedreu@uva.nl.
• Author contributions: C.K.W.D.D., L.L.G., G.A.V.K., S.S., and M.J.J.H. designed research; L.L.G. and S.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; C.K.W.D.D. analyzed data; and C.K.W.D.D., L.L.G., G.A.V.K., S.S., and M.J.J.H. wrote the paper.
• The authors declare no conflict of interest.
• This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/06/1015316108